ENT flashcards for NEET PG
79 cards. Read the question, answer in your head, then check. For spaced repetition, study the deck in the app.
What this deck is for
These 79 cards pick out single facts in ENT that the exam keeps returning to: Audiology, Nose, Ear, Vestibular disorders, Throat, Otology and more. Learn tuning fork results and audiogram patterns by sketching them. Cards are a starting set, not full coverage of the subject; the study guide lists the full map.
Where students slip in ENT: Confusing the interpretation of Rinne and Weber. Read the ENT study guide.
1 · Audiology
What does a negative Rinne test indicate?
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Bone conduction louder than air conduction: conductive hearing loss in that ear.
Memory hook: Weber goes to the worse ear in conductive loss.
2 · Nose
Most common site of epistaxis in children?
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Little's area (Kiesselbach's plexus) on the anteroinferior septum.
Memory hook: Woodruff's plexus: posterior, older adults.
3 · Ear
Why is atticoantral CSOM called unsafe?
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Cholesteatoma erodes bone and can lead to facial palsy, labyrinthitis, meningitis or brain abscess.
Memory hook: Attic = danger.
4 · Vestibular disorders
Classic features of Ménière's disease?
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Episodic vertigo lasting hours, fluctuating low-frequency hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness.
Memory hook: Endolymphatic hydrops.
5 · Throat
Typical findings in peritonsillar abscess?
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Trismus, muffled 'hot potato' voice, bulging soft palate with uvular deviation.
Memory hook: Needle or incise, plus antibiotics.
6 · Otology
In which hearing loss does the Weber test lateralise to the better ear?
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Sensorineural hearing loss.
Memory hook: Conductive: toward the worse ear.
7 · Otology
What audiometric finding is typical of otosclerosis?
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Conductive hearing loss with a Carhart notch (a dip in bone conduction near 2000 Hz).
Memory hook: Stapes fixation.
8 · Rhinology
Which tumour causes recurrent epistaxis in an adolescent boy?
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Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
Memory hook: Do not biopsy blindly: it bleeds.
9 · Vestibular
What does the caloric test assess and how is the response remembered?
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The vestibulo-ocular reflex through the vestibular nerve; COWS: Cold Opposite, Warm Same (direction of nystagmus fast phase).
Memory hook: COWS.
10 · Vestibular
What is the treatment for posterior canal BPPV?
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The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre.
Memory hook: Dix–Hallpike confirms it.
11 · Ear and audiology
Which nerve is responsible for referred ear pain from a laryngeal cancer?
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The vagus nerve through its auricular branch (Arnold's nerve).
Memory hook: Alderman's nerve.
12 · Ear and audiology
What is the commonest organism in acute otitis media in children?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Haemophilus influenzae.
Memory hook: Pneumococcus first.
13 · Ear and audiology
Where is the perforation in tubotympanic (safe) CSOM?
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Central perforation of the pars tensa, with no cholesteatoma.
Memory hook: Safe means central.
14 · Ear and audiology
Where does attic perforation of the tympanic membrane occur and what does it suggest?
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In the pars flaccida (Shrapnell's membrane); it suggests cholesteatoma.
Memory hook: Marginal or attic: unsafe.
15 · Ear and audiology
What is Gradenigo's syndrome?
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Petrous apicitis with otorrhoea, retro-orbital pain and abducens (VI) palsy.
Memory hook: Three: discharge, pain, diplopia.
16 · Ear and audiology
Which investigation best shows cholesteatoma extent before surgery?
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HRCT temporal bone (MRI diffusion-weighted for residual disease).
Memory hook: CT for bone.
17 · Ear and audiology
What is the typical age and sex of presentation of otosclerosis?
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Young adult women (20-40 years), often with bilateral progressive conductive loss and paracusis willisii.
Memory hook: Hears better in noise.
18 · Ear and audiology
Which surgery treats otosclerosis?
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Stapedotomy (or stapedectomy) with a prosthesis.
Memory hook: Replace the fixed stapes.
19 · Ear and audiology
What is the type of tympanogram in otitis media with effusion?
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Type B (flat curve).
Memory hook: Fluid: flat.
20 · Ear and audiology
Which tympanogram is seen in otosclerosis?
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Type As (shallow, stiff system).
Memory hook: As = stiff.
21 · Ear and audiology
Which audiometric tests assess hearing in neonates?
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Otoacoustic emissions and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA).
Memory hook: OAE for screening.
22 · Ear and audiology
Which finding on audiometry suggests noise-induced hearing loss?
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A 4000 Hz notch in air and bone conduction.
Memory hook: Boilermaker's notch.
23 · Ear and audiology
Which drugs commonly cause ototoxic sensorineural hearing loss?
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Aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, cisplatin and salicylates.
Memory hook: Salicylate loss is often reversible.
24 · Ear and audiology
What is presbycusis?
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Age-related bilateral high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
Memory hook: Sloping high-tone loss.
25 · Ear and audiology
Which nerve is most commonly injured in temporal bone fracture?
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The facial nerve, more often with transverse fractures than longitudinal ones.
Memory hook: Longitudinal is commoner overall.
26 · Ear and audiology
Which tumour is the commonest at the cerebellopontine angle?
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Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma).
Memory hook: Unilateral SNHL with tinnitus.
27 · Ear and audiology
Which condition is the hallmark of bilateral vestibular schwannomas?
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Neurofibromatosis type 2.
Memory hook: NF2.
28 · Ear and audiology
What is the treatment of a pinna haematoma?
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Drainage with a pressure dressing to prevent cauliflower ear.
Memory hook: Wrestlers.
29 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which artery is the main supply to the nasal septum's posterior part?
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Sphenopalatine artery (the artery of epistaxis).
Memory hook: Branch of maxillary artery.
30 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which sinus opens into the middle meatus?
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Frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses.
Memory hook: Posterior ethmoid: superior meatus.
31 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Where does the sphenoid sinus open?
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Into the sphenoethmoidal recess.
Memory hook: Above the superior turbinate.
32 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is the commonest paranasal sinus to be infected?
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The maxillary sinus.
Memory hook: Drains against gravity.
33 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which sinus is present at birth and clinically relevant in infants?
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Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses.
Memory hook: Frontal appears around 5-6 years.
34 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which structure is the key area of drainage in functional endoscopic sinus surgery?
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The osteomeatal complex.
Memory hook: Block here causes sinusitis.
35 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is the commonest cause of nasal obstruction in a child?
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Adenoid hypertrophy.
Memory hook: Mouth breathing, adenoid facies.
36 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which radiograph view is used for adenoids?
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Lateral view of the nasopharynx (soft tissue).
Memory hook: Adenoid-to-nasopharynx ratio.
37 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is the triad of Samter's disease?
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Nasal polyposis, asthma and aspirin sensitivity.
Memory hook: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
38 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is the commonest type of nasal polyp?
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Ethmoidal polyp (bilateral, allergic).
Memory hook: Antrochoanal is unilateral.
39 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Where does an antrochoanal polyp arise and extend?
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From the maxillary antrum, through the ostium to the choana.
Memory hook: Young, unilateral.
40 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
Which cavernous sinus complication follows infection of the 'danger area' of the face?
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Memory hook: Veins have no valves.
41 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is rhinosporidiosis caused by and how is it treated?
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Rhinosporidium seeberi; surgical excision with cautery of the base.
Memory hook: Strawberry-like friable mass.
42 · Nose and paranasal sinuses
What is the first-line management of anterior epistaxis?
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Pinch the soft part of the nose and lean forward; then cautery or anterior packing.
Memory hook: First aid first.
43 · Pharynx and tonsils
Which nerve supplies the tonsil and pharyngeal wall sensation?
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Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Memory hook: Tonsillectomy otalgia.
44 · Pharynx and tonsils
Which artery is the main supply of the tonsil?
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The tonsillar branch of the facial artery.
Memory hook: Plus ascending pharyngeal and others.
45 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is the commonest organism in acute tonsillitis?
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Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus.
Memory hook: Rheumatic fever risk.
46 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is the drug of choice for streptococcal tonsillitis?
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Penicillin (phenoxymethylpenicillin), for 10 days.
Memory hook: Avoid ampicillin in infectious mononucleosis.
47 · Pharynx and tonsils
Which sign of infectious mononucleosis follows ampicillin use?
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A maculopapular rash.
Memory hook: EBV.
48 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is the commonest complication of tonsillectomy?
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Haemorrhage (primary, reactionary or secondary).
Memory hook: Reactionary within 24 hours.
49 · Pharynx and tonsils
Which membrane appears in diphtheria of the throat?
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A grey-white adherent membrane that bleeds on removal.
Memory hook: Bull neck.
50 · Pharynx and tonsils
Where is a retropharyngeal abscess commonly seen?
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In young children, from suppuration of retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
Memory hook: Nodes of Rouviere regress later.
51 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is the commonest site of nasopharyngeal carcinoma origin?
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Fossa of Rosenmuller (pharyngeal recess).
Memory hook: EBV association.
52 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is the commonest first presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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A painless upper deep cervical (level II) neck node.
Memory hook: Plus serous otitis in adult.
53 · Pharynx and tonsils
Which treatment is the mainstay for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Radiotherapy, with chemotherapy for advanced disease.
Memory hook: Radiosensitive.
54 · Pharynx and tonsils
What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
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Dysphagia, iron-deficiency anaemia and a post-cricoid web.
Memory hook: Risk of post-cricoid carcinoma.
55 · Larynx and airway
Which nerve supplies sensation above the vocal cords?
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The internal laryngeal nerve (superior laryngeal branch).
Memory hook: External branch supplies cricothyroid.
56 · Larynx and airway
Which muscle is tensor of the vocal cord?
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Cricothyroid, supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
Memory hook: Only intrinsic muscle not by recurrent.
57 · Larynx and airway
Which lesion is the commonest cause of hoarseness in singers?
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Vocal nodules (singer's nodes), at the junction of anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds.
Memory hook: Voice rest, speech therapy.
58 · Larynx and airway
What is the commonest benign tumour of the larynx in children?
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Juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (HPV 6 and 11).
Memory hook: Multiple, recurrent.
59 · Larynx and airway
What is the commonest site of laryngeal carcinoma?
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Glottis, followed by supraglottis.
Memory hook: Glottic: early hoarseness.
60 · Larynx and airway
What is the position of a vocal cord in complete recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy?
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The paramedian position.
Memory hook: Gerhardt's view.
61 · Larynx and airway
What is the commonest cause of bilateral abductor paralysis?
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Thyroid surgery.
Memory hook: Stridor, weak voice preserved.
62 · Larynx and airway
Which incision site is used for a surgical cricothyrotomy?
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The cricothyroid membrane.
Memory hook: Emergency airway.
63 · Larynx and airway
Which tracheostomy level is preferred?
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Through the 2nd to 4th tracheal rings.
Memory hook: Avoid the 1st ring: stenosis.
64 · Larynx and airway
What is the commonest site of impaction of a foreign body in the oesophagus?
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At the cricopharyngeal sphincter (the upper oesophageal sphincter).
Memory hook: Coin.
65 · Larynx and airway
Which bronchus is more commonly entered by an inhaled foreign body?
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The right main bronchus.
Memory hook: Wider, shorter, more vertical.
66 · Head and neck tumours
What is the commonest salivary gland tumour?
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Pleomorphic adenoma, most often in the parotid.
Memory hook: Benign mixed tumour.
67 · Head and neck tumours
What is the commonest malignant salivary gland tumour?
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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Memory hook: Adenoid cystic: perineural spread.
68 · Head and neck tumours
Which benign parotid tumour is often bilateral, seen in older male smokers, and takes up technetium on scan?
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Warthin's tumour (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum).
Memory hook: Smokers; technetium uptake.
69 · Head and neck tumours
Which nerve is at risk in parotidectomy?
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The facial nerve.
Memory hook: Frey's syndrome afterwards.
70 · Head and neck tumours
What causes Frey's syndrome?
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Aberrant reinnervation of sweat glands by parasympathetic fibres after parotid surgery: gustatory sweating.
Memory hook: Auriculotemporal nerve.
71 · Head and neck tumours
What is the commonest site of oral cancer in India?
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The buccal mucosa (gingivobuccal complex), linked to tobacco chewing.
Memory hook: Squamous cell.
72 · Head and neck tumours
Which premalignant lesion is a thick white patch that cannot be scraped off?
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Leukoplakia.
Memory hook: Erythroplakia has higher risk.
73 · Head and neck tumours
What is a branchial cyst's usual position?
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Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid at the junction of upper and middle thirds.
Memory hook: Second arch remnant; cholesterol crystals.
74 · Head and neck tumours
How does a thyroglossal cyst move?
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Upwards on protrusion of the tongue and on swallowing.
Memory hook: Midline, treated by Sistrunk's operation.
75 · Head and neck tumours
Which operation removes nodes levels I-V with the SCM, IJV and accessory nerve?
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Classical (radical) neck dissection.
Memory hook: Modified preserves structures.
76 · Vestibular disorders
What is the commonest cause of vertigo?
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
Memory hook: Brief, positional.
77 · Vestibular disorders
Which canal is most commonly involved in BPPV?
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The posterior semicircular canal.
Memory hook: Dix-Hallpike.
78 · Vestibular disorders
What is vestibular neuritis?
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Acute prolonged vertigo with preserved hearing, usually after a viral illness.
Memory hook: Labyrinthitis adds hearing loss.
79 · Vestibular disorders
What do Hennebert's sign and the Tullio phenomenon indicate?
Show the answer
Vertigo on pressure or loud sound, seen with a fistula or dehiscence of the labyrinth.
Memory hook: Fistula test.
Common questions
How many ENT flashcards are there?
79 cards across 13 topics. The deck grows as we add material.
Which topics are in the ENT deck?
Audiology, Nose, Ear, Vestibular disorders, Throat, Otology, Rhinology, Vestibular, Ear and audiology, Nose and paranasal sinuses, Pharynx and tonsils, Larynx and airway, and more.
Is the ENT deck free?
ENT opens with a paid term. The free plan includes the Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry decks.
How do spaced-repetition cards work?
You rate each card Again, Hard, Good or Easy. Cards you find hard return soon and cards you know return later, so your time goes where you forget.
What is the memory hook on a card?
79 of these cards carry a one-line hook: a short cue that helps the answer stick. It is optional and appears after you reveal the answer.
How many ENT cards should I do a day?
Ten to twenty minutes a day is plenty. A few due cards every day beat a long session once a week.
Can I flip through the cards on this page?
You can read each question and reveal its answer here. For scheduling, ratings and progress, study the deck in the app.
Are the ENT cards reviewed by faculty?
Not yet. They are original and still awaiting independent review, so confirm anything important in a standard textbook.