Psychiatry flashcards for NEET PG

SSRIs at higher doses for longer, plus exposure and response prevention.

Memory hook: Clomipramine is the alternative.

Lithium: Ebstein's anomaly. Valproate: neural tube defects. Thalidomide: phocomelia.

Memory hook: Lithium narrows the heart valve.

Thought insertion, withdrawal, broadcasting, passivity, delusional perception, certain auditory hallucinations.

Memory hook: Not flight of ideas; that's mania.

Benzodiazepines plus thiamine; supportive care.

Memory hook: Antipsychotics alone lower seizure threshold.

Severe or psychotic depression, high suicide risk, catatonia, drug-resistant mania.

Memory hook: Quick-acting.

They increase the frequency of chloride channel opening at the GABA-A receptor.

Memory hook: Barbiturates increase duration instead.

Fever, severe rigidity, autonomic instability and raised creatine kinase after an antipsychotic; treat with stopping the drug, cooling, and dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Memory hook: Slow onset over days.

Agitation, clonus, hyperreflexia, hyperthermia and diarrhoea after serotonergic drugs.

Memory hook: Fast onset, with clonus.

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

Memory hook: 'I'm not angry, you are.'

SSRIs and cognitive behavioural therapy.

Memory hook: Benzodiazepines only briefly.

A fixed, false belief, held with conviction, that is out of keeping with the person's culture and not shaken by evidence.

Memory hook: Fixed and false.

A perception without an external stimulus, experienced as real.

Memory hook: Illusion has a real stimulus; hallucination has none.

Auditory, usually voices.

Memory hook: Voices, not visions.

Visual, tactile and olfactory hallucinations.

Memory hook: Think delirium or temporal lobe lesions.

A delusion that a close person has been replaced by an identical impostor.

Memory hook: Capgras: impostor.

Erotomania: the delusion that another person, often of higher status, is in love with the patient.

Memory hook: Clerambault: love.

Mesolimbic pathway (hyperactivity).

Memory hook: Mesolimbic: positive symptoms.

The tuberoinfundibular pathway, where dopamine normally inhibits prolactin.

Memory hook: D2 block removes the brake on prolactin.

About 1 percent.

Memory hook: One in a hundred.

Catatonic schizophrenia (catatonia).

Memory hook: Lorazepam challenge helps.

At least one week of elevated mood with increased energy.

Memory hook: Hypomania is shorter and milder.

Hypomania has no psychotic symptoms and no marked functional impairment or need for admission.

Memory hook: Bipolar II needs hypomania plus depression.

Lithium.

Memory hook: Narrow therapeutic index.

Chronic fluctuating mood with many mild hypomanic and depressive periods that do not meet criteria for full episodes.

Memory hook: Mild but persistent.

Chronic low mood lasting at least two years, milder than a major depressive episode.

Memory hook: Two years.

Atypical depression.

Memory hook: Mood reactivity is preserved.

MAO inhibitors.

Memory hook: Atypical goes with MAOIs.

Transient tearfulness and mood lability in the first days after delivery, resolving within about two weeks without treatment.

Memory hook: Reassure only.

Serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine.

Memory hook: Antidepressants raise their synaptic levels.

A previous suicide attempt.

Memory hook: Past attempt predicts the next.

Persistent excessive worry on most days for at least six months in DSM; several months in ICD-10.

Memory hook: Free-floating anxiety.

An SSRI or SNRI.

Memory hook: Not long-term benzodiazepines.

Exposure therapy, such as systematic desensitisation.

Memory hook: Graded exposure.

Fear of places or situations from which escape may be difficult, such as crowds or open spaces.

Memory hook: Fear of escape, not of open space itself.

Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative mood or cognition changes, and hyperarousal.

Memory hook: Flashbacks, avoidance, arousal.

Acute stress disorder lasts from 3 days up to 1 month after the trauma; PTSD lasts more than 1 month.

Memory hook: One month divides them.

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, with or without an SSRI.

Memory hook: Trauma-focused CBT.

Neurological symptoms such as paralysis or blindness without an organic cause, linked to psychological stress.

Memory hook: Primary gain: reduced anxiety.

Inappropriate lack of concern about a serious symptom, classically seen in conversion disorder.

Memory hook: Not specific, though classically cited.

Naloxone, a short-acting opioid antagonist.

Memory hook: Repeat doses may be needed.

Pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression and coma.

Memory hook: Pupils tiny.

Methadone, or buprenorphine as a partial agonist.

Memory hook: Substitution therapy.

Naltrexone.

Memory hook: Start only after detoxification.

It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, so acetaldehyde accumulates and causes flushing, nausea and palpitations after alcohol.

Memory hook: Aversive therapy.

Acamprosate.

Memory hook: Acamprosate helps abstinence.

Lorazepam (or oxazepam), because it is not oxidised in the liver.

Memory hook: LOT: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam.

Cocaine.

Memory hook: Formication means insects under the skin.

Varenicline.

Memory hook: Partial agonist at alpha4beta2.

Opioid withdrawal; alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal can cause fatal seizures.

Memory hook: Opioid withdrawal is miserable but rarely fatal.

Acute onset with fluctuating course and impaired attention and consciousness.

Memory hook: Delirium: acute and fluctuating.

Reversed sleep-wake cycle with worsening at night (sundowning).

Memory hook: Worse at night.

Alzheimer's disease.

Memory hook: Alzheimer's leads.

Extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau.

Memory hook: Plaques outside, tangles inside.

Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine.

Memory hook: Memantine is for moderate to severe.

Lewy bodies containing alpha-synuclein.

Memory hook: Neuroleptic sensitivity is a warning.

Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's disease), with Pick bodies.

Memory hook: Behaviour before memory.

Gait disturbance, urinary incontinence and dementia.

Memory hook: Wet, wobbly, wacky.

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia with confabulation, due to thiamine deficiency, with preserved attention.

Memory hook: Follows untreated Wernicke.

BMI below 17.5 kg/m2 in ICD-10; significantly low weight in DSM.

Memory hook: Fear of fatness with distorted body image.

Hypokalaemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis.

Memory hook: Vomiting loses acid and potassium.

Russell's sign: calluses on the knuckles.

Memory hook: Russell: knuckles.

Fluoxetine.

Memory hook: Bupropion is avoided as it lowers seizure threshold.

Binges occur without regular compensatory behaviours such as vomiting.

Memory hook: No purging.

Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis.

Memory hook: Cataplexy is specific.

Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the hypothalamus.

Memory hook: Orexin keeps you awake.

Non-REM slow-wave sleep (stage N3).

Memory hook: Child does not recall them.

Clozapine, because of the risk of agranulocytosis.

Memory hook: Reserved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Sialorrhoea, sedation, seizures, myocarditis and weight gain.

Memory hook: Drooling at night.

Thioridazine (also haloperidol and pimozide to a lesser degree).

Memory hook: Thioridazine also causes retinal pigmentation.

Anticholinergic such as benztropine or promethazine.

Memory hook: Acts within minutes.

Propranolol (a beta blocker), or reducing the dose.

Memory hook: Anticholinergics are less effective.

About 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L.

Memory hook: Toxicity above 1.5.

Thiazide diuretics, NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors and dehydration or low sodium.

Memory hook: Lithium follows sodium.

MAO inhibitors, such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine.

Memory hook: The cheese reaction.

Bupropion (also mirtazapine).

Memory hook: Bupropion lowers seizure threshold.

Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, starting before 12 years (DSM-5) and present in more than one setting.

Memory hook: Two or more settings.

Methylphenidate, a stimulant.

Memory hook: Atomoxetine is non-stimulant alternative.

Impaired social interaction, impaired communication and restricted repetitive behaviours.

Memory hook: Onset in early childhood.

Mild is IQ 50 to 69.

Memory hook: Moderate 35-49, severe 20-34, profound below 20.

Repeated involuntary urination at night or day after a mental age of 5 years, without a physical cause.

Memory hook: Treat with alarm first.